2022-08-15 14:23

墨西哥总统绕过国会让军队留在街头

Members of Mexico's Natio<em></em>nal Guard march in the Independence Day military parade, in the capital's main plaza, the Zocalo, in Mexico City, Sept. 16, 2019. Mexico’s President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador has begun exploring plans to side-step co<em></em>ngress to hand formal co<em></em>ntrol of the Natio<em></em>nal Guard to the army. That has raised concerns, because Lopez Obrador won approval for creating the force in 2019 by pledging in the co<em></em>nstitution that it would be under nominal civilian co<em></em>ntrol and that the army would be off the streets by 2024.Mexican President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador, flanked by Defense Secretary Gen. Luis Crescencio Sandoval, left, and Marine Secretary Jose Rafael Ojeda, surveys Natio<em></em>nal Guard troops as the new force is presented at a ceremony, in Mexico City, June 30, 2019. Lopez Obrador has begun exploring plans to side-step co<em></em>ngress to hand formal co<em></em>ntrol of the Natio<em></em>nal Guard to the army. That has raised concerns, because he won approval for creating the force in 2019 by pledging in the co<em></em>nstitution that it would be under nominal civilian co<em></em>ntrol and that the army would be off the streets by 2024.A Natio<em></em>nal Guardsman smiles while stretching before the start of a presentation ceremony at a military field in Mexico City, June 30, 2019. The Natio<em></em>nal Guard which includes federal police, marines, soldiers and new recruits was created to stem endemic violence and restore peace in the country.A Mexican Natio<em></em>nal Guard canine unit arrive to search for disappeared persons, outside of Cuautla, Mexico, Oct. 12, 2021. Mexico’s President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador has begun exploring plans to side-step co<em></em>ngress to hand formal co<em></em>ntrol of the Natio<em></em>nal Guard to the army. That has raised concerns, because Lopez Obrador won approval for creating the force in 2019 by pledging in the co<em></em>nstitution that it would be under nominal civilian co<em></em>ntrol and that the army would be off the streets by 2024.A Natio<em></em>nal Guard patrol stand guard on the perimeters of a landslide that brought tons of massive boulders down on a steep hillside neighborhood, in Tlalnepantla, on the outskirts of Mexico City, Sept. 11, 2021. Mexico’s President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador has begun exploring plans to side-step co<em></em>ngress to hand formal co<em></em>ntrol of the Natio<em></em>nal Guard to the army. That has raised concerns, because Lopez Obrador won approval for creating the force in 2019 by pledging in the co<em></em>nstitution that it would be under nominal civilian co<em></em>ntrol and that the army would be off the streets by 2024.A woman walks past members of the Natio<em></em>nal Guard patrolling downtown Fresnillo after a series of armed clashes between criminal groups, in Zacatecas state, Mexico, July 13, 2021. Mexico’s President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador has begun exploring plans to side-step co<em></em>ngress to hand formal co<em></em>ntrol of the Natio<em></em>nal Guard to the army. That has raised concerns, because Lopez Obrador won approval for creating the force in 2019 by pledging in the co<em></em>nstitution that it would be under nominal civilian co<em></em>ntrol and that the army would be off the streets by 2024.Natio<em></em>nal Guardsmen guard a site wher<em></em>e a co<em></em>nfrontation took place with what authorities say were groups of criminals, that left several police officers wounded and more than a dozen people detained, in Tupilejo, on the outskirts of Mexico City, July 12, 2022. Mexico’s President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador has begun exploring plans to side-step co<em></em>ngress to hand formal co<em></em>ntrol of the Natio<em></em>nal Guard to the army. That has raised concerns, because he won approval for creating the force in 2019 by pledging in the co<em></em>nstitution that it would be under nominal civilian co<em></em>ntrol and that the army would be off the streets by 2024.A Natio<em></em>nal Guardsman detains Guatemalan migrants at the Mexico-U.S. border in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, June 24, 2019. Mexico’s President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador has begun exploring plans to side-step co<em></em>ngress to hand formal co<em></em>ntrol of the Natio<em></em>nal Guard to the army. That has raised concerns, because he won approval for creating the force in 2019 by pledging in the co<em></em>nstitution that it would be under nominal civilian co<em></em>ntrol and that the army would be off the streets by 2024.A Natio<em></em>nal Guards soldier stands guard near Bavispe, So<em></em>nora state, Mexico, wher<em></em>e family members of the extended LeBaron family were ambushed by gunmen last year, one day before the expected arrival of Mexican President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador, Jan. 11, 2020. Lopez Obrador has begun exploring plans to side-step co<em></em>ngress to hand formal co<em></em>ntrol of the Natio<em></em>nal Guard to the army. That has raised concerns, because he won approval for creating the force in 2019 by pledging in the co<em></em>nstitution that it would be under nominal civilian co<em></em>ntrol and that the army would be off the streets by 2024.

墨西哥城(美联社)——墨西哥总统已经开始探索绕过国会,将国民警卫队的正式控制权交给军队的计划,这一举动可能会扩大军队在一个暴力频发的国家对警察的控制。

这引发了人们的担忧,因为总统Andrés Manuel López Obrador在宪法中承诺,将在名义上由文官控制,并在2024年之前将军队从街头撤出,从而赢得了在2019年创建这支部队的批准。

然而,国民警卫队和军方都未能降低该国的不安全程度。在过去的一周里,贩毒集团上演了大规模的纵火和枪击袭击,让西北三个主要城市的平民胆战心惊,这是对政府的一次大胆挑战。周六,当局向边境城市提华纳派遣了300名特种部队和50名国民警卫队成员。

尽管如此,López奥夫拉多尔希望士兵继续参与警察工作,并取消对国民警卫队的文官控制。国民警卫队的军官和指挥官大多是士兵,有军事训练和军饷等级。

但是,总统在国会中已经没有了修改宪法的投票权,他表示,他可能会尝试通过国会的简单多数来进行监管改革,或者通过行政命令,看看法院是否会支持这一做法。

López奥夫拉多尔星期五警告说,不要把这个问题政治化。他说,需要军队来打击墨西哥的暴力贩毒集团。但随后他立即自己将其政治化。

López Obrador说:“宪法改革是理想的,但我们必须寻找方法,因为他们(反对派)不是帮助我们,而是阻止我们,他们的意图是阻止我们做任何事情。”

两个主要反对党在执政期间也有不同的立场。在2006年和2012年的两届政府中,他们分别支持军队在公共安全方面发挥作用。

López奥夫拉多尔竞选总统时,他呼吁军队撤出街头。但掌权后,看到他杀率达到有史以来的最高水平,显然改变了他的想法。

他严重依赖军队,而不仅仅是打击犯罪。他认为陆军和海军英勇、爱国、不那么腐败,并委托他们建设重大基础设施项目、运营机场和火车、阻止移民和监督海港海关。

自2006年毒品战争开始以来,墨西哥军队一直深入参与治安工作。但它的存在一直被认为是暂时的,在墨西哥建立起可信赖的警察部队之前的权宜之计。

López奥夫拉多尔似乎已经放弃了这个计划,而是把军事和准军事力量,如国民警卫队,作为主要解决方案。“他们的授权必须延长,”他说。

他说:“我认为,国民警卫队最好成为国防部的一个分支,让它随着时间的推移保持稳定,防止它被腐化。”他还希望陆军和海军在2024年之后帮助公共安全,这是2020年行政命令确立的日期。

这支部队已经增长到115000人,但其中近80%的人员来自军队。

长期以来,联合国和人权组织一直对让军队来做警察工作持保留态度。墨西哥最高法院还没有就几项上诉做出决定,批评人士称这些上诉是赋予国民警卫队违宪的任务。

联合国人权事务高级专员办事处上星期说,将警察等民间机构军事化会削弱民主。士兵们没有接受过这方面的训练,军队本质上不太愿意接受审查,它被卷入了侵犯人权的事件,军队的存在并没有解决如何改革警察、检察官和法院的紧迫问题。

虽然López Obrador声称不再容忍侵犯人权,但政府的国家人权委员会已经收到了1000多起指控国民警卫队侵犯人权的投诉。该机构针对有证据表明过度使用武力、酷刑或虐待移民的情况发布了五项建议。

公民组织正义基金会(Foundation For Justice)的负责人安娜·洛雷娜·德尔加迪洛(Ana Lorena Delgadillo)说,“把军队用于平民角色的问题在于,我们对军队内部发生的事情没有任何控制。”

德尔加迪略说,尽管宪法规定国民警卫队是由文职人员指挥的部队,但将国民警卫队置于国防部之下是“专制”的做法,将在法庭上受到挑战,而且无助于平息国家的情绪。

墨西哥雇主协会(Coparmex)在一份声明中表示,国家警察的能力应该得到加强。该组织表示:“授权与平民接触的是他们和(州检察官办公室)。”

也许更重要的是,准军事化的国民警卫队未能降低墨西哥居高不下的谋杀率。

米格尔Agustín Pro Juárez人权中心的律师Sofía de Robina说,国民警卫队“未能减少暴力”,部分原因是其军事化的“占领领土”战略。

虽然这种建立营房和进行定期巡逻的战略在偏远或农村地区可能有帮助,但事实证明它没有那么有用,甚至在城市地区引起反对。

专家说,来自他们服务的城镇的警察和居民住在一起会更有效率。然而,普遍存在的腐败、微薄的薪水以及贩毒集团对警察的威胁削弱了地方和国家的警察力量。

德尔加迪略说,在军队担任警察角色方面超过15年的经验表明,“军队将解决问题的模式是错误的”。

德罗比纳补充说,López奥夫拉多尔的最新举动意味着试图让军队无限期地维持治安,“完全无视公共安全的民事义务”,没有时间或策略上的限制。