2022-08-16 08:23

东北部农民面临严重干旱的新挑战

Hay farmer Milan Adams stands in a dry hay field near a wind sock, left, in Exeter, R.I., Tuesday, Aug. 9, 2022. Adams said in prior years it rained in the spring. This year, he said, the dryness started in March, and April was so dry he was nervous a<em></em>bout his first cut of hay.Weeds grow through the cracked soil on what would usually be on the bottom of the Hoppin Hill Reservoir, Wednesday, Aug. 3, 2022, in North Attleboro, Mass. The City of Attleboro, like much of the Northeast, is experiencing drought like conditions.Hay and alfalfa grow in cracked soil in a field at the Mountain Meadows Farm, in Sudbury, Vt., Monday, Aug. 8, 2022. Brian Kemp, who manages the organic beef farm in Sudbury, describes the weather lately as inco<em></em>nsistent and impactful, which he attributes to a changing climate. Kemp is used to seeing the pastures at Mountain Meadows Farm grow slower in the hot, late summer, but this year the grass is at a standstill.Organic beef farmer Brian Kemp opens a gate between two pastures at the Mountain Meadows Farm, in Sudbury, Vt., Monday, Aug. 8, 2022. Kemp, who manages the organic beef farm in Sudbury describes the weather lately as inco<em></em>nsistent and impactful, which he attributes to a changing climate. Kemp is used to seeing the pastures at Mountain Meadows Farm grow slower in the hot, late summer, but this year the grass is at a standstill.Organic beef farmer Brian Kemp displays a red clover, the Vermont state flower, in a pasture at the Mountain Meadows Farm, in Sudbury, Vt., Monday, Aug. 8, 2022. Kemp, who manages the organic beef farm in Sudbury describes the weather lately as inco<em></em>nsistent and impactful, which he attributes to a changing climate. Kemp is used to seeing the pastures at Mountain Meadows Farm grow slower in the hot, late summer, but this year the grass is at a standstill.Organic beef farmer Brian Kemp displays dry grass in a pasture at the Mountain Meadows Farm, in Sudbury, Vt., Monday, Aug. 8, 2022. Kemp, who manages the organic beef farm in Sudbury describes the weather lately as inco<em></em>nsistent and impactful, which he attributes to a changing climate. Kemp is used to seeing the pastures at Mountain Meadows Farm grow slower in the hot, late summer, but this year the grass is at a standstill.Hay farmer Milan Adams releases a handful of dry soil in a recently plowed field, in Exeter, R.I., Tuesday, Aug. 9, 2022. Adams said the soil in the field is powder a foot down. Adams added that farmers are fighting more than the drought, inflation is driving up the cost of everything, from diesel and equipment parts to fertilizer and pesticides.Geese graze on the weeds growing through cracked soil on what would usually be on the bottom of the Hoppin Hill Reservoir, Wednesday, Aug. 3, 2022, in North Attleboro, Mass. The City of Attleboro, like much of the Northeast, is experiencing drought like conditions.A field at Do<em></em>novan Farms, which is usually leased to farmers, turns brown due to the drought, Saturday, Aug. 6, 2022, in Norwell, Mass. The impacts of climate change have been felt throughout the Northeastern U.S. with rising sea levels, heavy precipitation and storm surges causing flooding and coastal erosion. This summer has brought another extreme: a severe drought that’s made lawns crispy and has farmers begging for steady rain.The grasses and wild flowers on the future site of Piers Park Phase II on the East Boston waterfront turn brown due to the drought, Saturday, Aug. 6, 2022, in Boston. The impacts of climate change have been felt throughout the Northeastern U.S. with rising sea levels, heavy precipitation and storm surges causing flooding and coastal erosion. This summer has brought another extreme: a severe drought that’s made lawns crispy and has farmers begging for steady rain.

普罗维登斯,罗德岛州(美联社)-佛蒙特州的农民布莱恩·坎普习惯了在炎热的夏末看到山草地农场的牧场生长缓慢,但今年的草地却停滞不前。

当你放牧600到700头牛时,这是“非常伤脑筋的”,坎普说,他在萨德伯里经营一个有机牛肉农场。他说最近的天气变化无常,影响很大,他把这归因于气候的变化。

“我不认为有任何正常的,”肯普说。

气候变化的影响已经波及到整个美国东北部,海平面上升、强降水和风暴潮导致了洪水和海岸侵蚀。但今年夏天却出现了另一个极端:一场严重的干旱让草坪变得干枯,让农民们祈求稳定的降雨。偶尔的雷暴带来的短时间强降雨往往会流失,而不会渗入地面。

水供应不足或干旱,许多社区限制不必要的户外用水。消防部门正在扑灭更多的丛林大火,农作物生长状况不佳。

根据位于马萨诸塞州诺顿的国家气象局办公室的数据,罗德岛州的普罗维登斯在有记录以来第三个最干燥的7月的降雨量不到半英寸,波士顿在有记录以来第四个最干燥的7月的降雨量达到了0.6英寸。罗德岛州州长周二发布了一份全州范围的干旱报告,建议减少用水。马萨诸塞州霍普平山水库北端干涸,迫使当地实施限水措施。

缅因州的官员表示,那里的干旱状况真正开始于2020年,自那以来,一些地区的情况偶尔有所改善。在缅因州奥本市,当地的消防队员帮助一位奶农给他的奶牛灌满了水箱,因为7月下旬,他的水井水位过低,气温达到了90度。根据该州的干井调查,自2021年以来,该州收到了约50口干井的报告。

气候科学家迈克尔·曼恩说,美国东北部夏季持续干燥的趋势当然可以归因于气候变化的影响,因为温度升高导致土壤蒸发和干燥加剧。但是,他说,干燥的天气可能会被极端降雨事件打断,因为温暖的大气拥有更多的水分——当条件有利于降雨时,会有更多的水分在短时间内爆发。

曼恩说,他在宾夕法尼亚州立大学的研究表明,气候变化正在导致“停滞的急流”模式。曼恩补充说,这意味着高速气流(或气流)的巨大弯曲被困在原地,锁定在极端天气事件中,这些极端天气事件可能在一个地方与极端高温和干旱有关,在另一个地方与极端降雨有关,这种模式在今年夏天东北部的高温和干旱以及中西部部分地区的极端洪水中已经上演。

新英格兰大部分地区正在经历干旱。美国干旱监测机构周四发布了一份新地图,显示马萨诸塞州东部科德角以外的地区以及罗德岛南部和东部大部分地区现在处于极端干旱,而不是严重干旱。

新英格兰以前经历过严重的夏季干旱,但专家表示,自2016年以来,干旱相当快地连续发生是不寻常的。马萨诸塞州水政策主任范达纳·拉奥(Vandana Rao)表示,马萨诸塞州在2016年、2017年、2020年、2021年和2022年经历了干旱,这很可能是由于气候变化。

她说:“我们希望这可能是干旱的一个高峰期,我们可以恢复到多年来的正常降水。”“但这可能只是一种更长远趋势的开始。”

拉奥和新英格兰的其他水资源专家预计,目前的干旱还会持续几个月。

新罕布什尔州环境服务部门水务部门助理主任泰德·迪尔斯(Ted Diers)说:“我认为,这种情况可能会持续一段时间,需要付出很多努力。”“我们真正希望的是一个潮湿的秋天,然后是一个多雪的冬天,真正补充蓄水层和地下水。”

罗德岛州的首席护林员本·阿诺德担心干旱会延续到秋天。这个时候,人们会做更多的庭院工作,燃烧灌木,使用壁炉,在树林里呆上一段时间,增加了森林火灾的风险。阿诺德说,今年夏天的火灾规模相对较小,但需要大量的时间和精力来扑灭它们,因为它们正在深入干燥的地面。

干草农民米兰·亚当斯说,他在罗德岛埃克塞特耕种的一块田地一英尺深的地方都是粉末。前几年春天下雨。他说,今年的旱季从3月开始,4月太干了,他对第一次割到的干草感到紧张。

干草的高度很高,但却没有那么多。从那里开始,我们在5月初下了一点雨,使它迅速上升,”他说。“从那以后,我们什么也没看见。”

亚当斯补充说,农民们面临的不仅仅是干旱——通货膨胀推高了所有东西的成本,从柴油、设备部件到化肥和农药。

他说:“现在的情况非常糟糕。”“这只是在伤口上撒盐。”

佛蒙特州农业部长安森·特贝茨(Anson Tebbetts)说,佛蒙特州的干草产量和质量也下降了,这意味着在冬天将没有那么多的干草供奶牛食用。该州大约有600个奶牛场,这是一个每年20亿美元的产业。和亚当斯一样,特贝茨说,通货膨胀正在推高价格,这将伤害到不得不购买饲料的农民。

坎普是尚普兰山谷农民联盟的成员,他很庆幸去年有了补充饲料,但他知道其他农民没有土地储备粮食,储备不足。该联盟正试图帮助农民发展和学习新的做法。他们在春季的使命宣言中加入了“气候智能型农业”。

“农业是具有挑战性的,”坎普说,“随着气候变化的发生,它变得更加具有挑战性。”